312 research outputs found
Bridging the Gulf of Envisioning: Cognitive Design Challenges in LLM Interfaces
Large language models (LLMs) exhibit dynamic capabilities and appear to
comprehend complex and ambiguous natural language prompts. However, calibrating
LLM interactions is challenging for interface designers and end-users alike. A
central issue is our limited grasp of how human cognitive processes begin with
a goal and form intentions for executing actions, a blindspot even in
established interaction models such as Norman's gulfs of execution and
evaluation. To address this gap, we theorize how end-users 'envision'
translating their goals into clear intentions and craft prompts to obtain the
desired LLM response. We define a process of Envisioning by highlighting three
misalignments: (1) knowing whether LLMs can accomplish the task, (2) how to
instruct the LLM to do the task, and (3) how to evaluate the success of the
LLM's output in meeting the goal. Finally, we make recommendations to narrow
the envisioning gulf in human-LLM interactions
Sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia treated with conventional antipsychotics or risperidone
Hong Liu-Seifert1, Bruce J Kinon1, Christopher J Tennant2, Jennifer Sniadecki1, Jan Volavka31Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 2CJT Biomedical Consulting, South Lake Tahoe, CA, USA; 3New York University, New York, NY, USAObjective: To better understand sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and its associations with prolactin and reproductive hormones.Methods: This was a secondary analysis of an open-label, one-day study (N = 402). The primary objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia who had been treated with conventional antipsychotics or risperidone. Other atypical antipsychotics available at the time of the study were not included due to a more favorable prolactin profile.Results: The majority of patients (59% of females and 60% of males) reported impairment of sexual function. In postmenopausal females, risk of impaired sexual interest was increased by 31% for every 10 ng/ml increase in prolactin (p = 0.035). In males, lower testosterone was associated with higher prolactin (p < 0.001) and with orgasmic (p = 0.004) and ejaculatory dysfunction (p = 0.028).Conclusion: These findings suggest that hyperprolactinemia may be associated with sexual dysfunction. They also provide more information on the relationships between prolactin, reproductive hormones, and sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction is an understudied yet important consideration in the treatment of schizophrenia. More attention is warranted in this area as it may provide opportunities for improved quality of life and adherence to treatment for patients.Keywords: sexual dysfunction, schizophrenia, hyperprolactinemia, antipsychotics, risperidon
Comparison of work fluctuation relations
We compare two predictions regarding the microscopic fluctuations of a system
that is driven away from equilibrium: one due to Crooks [J. Stat. Phys. 90,
1481 (1998)] which has gained recent attention in the context of nonequilibrium
work and fluctuation theorems, and an earlier, analogous result obtained by
Bochkov and Kuzovlev [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 72(1), 238247 (1977)]. Both results
quantify irreversible behavior by comparing probabilities of observing
particular microscopic trajectories during thermodynamic processes related by
time-reversal, and both are expressed in terms of the work performed when
driving the system away from equilibrium. By deriving these two predictions
within a single, Hamiltonian framework, we clarify the precise relationship
between them, and discuss how the different definitions of work used by the two
sets of authors gives rise to different physical interpretations. We then
obtain a extended fluctuation relation that contains both the Crooks and the
Bochkov-Kuzovlev results as special cases.Comment: 14 pages with 1 figure, accepted for publication in the Journal of
Statistical Mechanic
Chemical diffusion of fluorine in melts in the system Na2OAl2O3SiO2
The volatilization of fluorine from three melts in the system Na2OAl2O3SiO2 has been investigated at 1 atm pressure and 1200–1400°C. The melts chosen have base compositions corresponding to albite, jadeite and a peraluminous melt with 75 mole % SiO2. Melt spheres were suspended from platinum loops in a vertical tube furnace in a flow of oxygen gas, then quenched, sectioned and analysed by electron microprobe. The microprobe scans indicate that transport of fluorine to the melt-vapor interface is by binary, concentration-independent interdiffusion of fluorine and oxygen. FO interdiffusivity increases in the order albite < peraluminous < jadeite. There is no simple reciprocal relationship between FO interdiffusivity and melt viscosity. Comparison with data on high-pressure interdiffusivity of fluorine and oxygen in jadeite melt indicates that FO interdiffusivity increases with pressure from 0.001 to 10 kbar while the activation energy remains unchanged.
Fluorine chemical diffusivity in albite melt is substantially lower than H2O chemical diffusivity in obsidian melts suggesting that different diffusive mechanisms are responsible for the transport of F and H2O in igneous melts. Fluorine diffuses in albite melt via an anionic exchange with oxygen whereas water probably diffuses in obsidian melt via an alkali exchange mechanism
Sprecherlokalisation in Hörgeräten : Wie Hörgeräte Stimmen im Raum orten können
Die präzise räumliche Lokalisation von Sprechern im Umfeld eines Hörgerätes ist eine sehr wichtige und sehr rechenintensive Aufgabe, die die Qualität von digitalen Hörhilfen signifikant steigern kann. In diesem Beitrag wird die enge interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Entwicklern der Lokalisations-Algorithmen an der Universität Oldenburg und den Hardware-Ingenieuren der Leibniz Universität Hannover präsentiert
Proceedings of the Linux Audio Conference 2018
These proceedings contain all papers presented at the Linux Audio Conference 2018. The conference took place at c-base, Berlin, from June 7th - 10th, 2018 and was organized in cooperation with the Electronic Music Studio at TU Berlin
Translational Evaluation of Acid/Base and Electrolyte Alterations in Rodent Model of Focal Ischemia
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acid/base and electrolytes could provide clinically valuable information about cerebral infarct core and penumbra. We evaluated associations between acid/base and electrolyte changes and outcomes in 2 rat models of stroke, permanent, and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.
METHODS: Three-month old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent permanent or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Pre- and post-middle cerebral artery occlusion venous samples for permanent and transient models provided pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, glucose, and electrolyte values of ionized calcium, potassium, and sodium. Multiple regression determined predictors of infarct volume from these values, and Kaplan-Meier curve analyzed morality between permanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion models.
RESULTS: Analysis indicated significant differences in the blood gas and electrolytes between pre- to post-middle cerebral artery occlusion. A decrease in pH and sodium with increases in carbon dioxide, potassium, ionized calcium, and glucose changes were found in both middle cerebral artery occlusion models; while hematocrit and hemoglobin were significant in the transient model. pH and ionized calcium were predictors of infarct volume in the permanent model, as changes in pH and ionized calcium decreased, infarct volume increased.
CONCLUSIONS: There are acute changes in acid/base balance and electrolytes during stroke in transient and permanent rodent models. Additionally, we found pH and ionized calcium changes predicted stroke volume in the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model. These preliminary findings are novel, and warrant further exploration in human conditions
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